24% OFF

In Stock

Cinnamon

Liposomal + Cyclodextrin
3 + Month Supply
Healthy Blood Sugar†
Heart & Circulatory Support†

Potency:: 1000 mg per serving
Count:: 120 Tablets - 3+ Month Supply

Old price: $32.99

Discount price: $24.99

Details
Supplement Facts

The best liposomal Cinnamon on the market.†

100% Natural, Non-GMO, Gluten Free, Vegetarian, No-Coating, Triple Verified Ingredients for purity and potency.

Cinnamon has been used in traditional medicine for centuries. Research shows that Cinnamon bark may help maintain blood pressure and blood sugar levels already within a healthy range, may support healthy cholesterol levels, reduce inflammation associated with everyday exertion, and supports healthy immune function. Nature’s Essentials™ Cinnamon formula utilizes our advanced Cyclosome™ liposomal delivery technology to encompass the naturally derived Cinnamon extract into a liposomal hydrophilic complex to create a vortex of enhanced solubility and maximum bioavailability. This means that the body has an increased ability to absorb the good stuff it needs. Nature’s Essentials™ Cinnamon extract is the most advanced Cinnamon supplement on the market today.†

Easy on Digestion: Our tablets are provided in a very natural form and dissolve easily. This product does not have any coating which allows it to be easily broken down for better digestion. The natural ingredients are protected by the liposome and therefore do not need additional coating. This may be suitable for conditions that make the digestion of capsules, soft gels and other coatings difficult in certain individuals.†

†These statements have not been evaluated by the FDA. This Product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.

Anti-oxidant Activity Studies

Cinnamon bark contains procyanidins and catechins [8]. The components of procyanidins include both procyanidin A-type and B-type linkages [9–11]. These procyanidins extracted from cinnamon and berries also possess antioxidant activities [10, 12].

The aqueous and alcoholic extract (1 : 1) of cinnamon potentially significantly inhibits fatty acid oxidation and lipid peroxidation in vitro [23]. Different flavonoids isolated from cinnamon have free-radical-scavenging activities and antioxidant properties [57]. A study of the inhibitory effects of cinnamaldehyde and other compounds of cinnamon on nitric oxide production revealed that cinnamaldehyde possesses potential activity against the production of nitric oxide as well as the expression of inducible nitric oxide. The highest inhibitory activities were reported as 81.5%, 71.7%, and 41.2% at 1.0, 0.5, and 0.1 µg/µL, respectively [58]. Lin et al. reported the in vivo antioxidant activity of two different extracts, the ethanolic and hot water extracts of the dry bark of C. cassia. The ethanolic extract of C. cassia exhibited significant inhibition (96.3%) compared to the natural antioxidant α-tocopherol (93.74%) [59]. Overall, cinnamon exhibited higher antioxidant activities compared to that of other dessert spices [60].

The essential oils and some of the major compounds present in cinnamon, including (E)-cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, and linalool, were investigated in reference to peroxynitrite-induced nitration and lipid peroxidation. Eugenol and the essential oils were more effective than the other two compounds [61]. In a comparative study among 26 spices, cinnamon showed the highest antioxidant activity, indicating that it can be applied as an antioxidant used in foods [62]. Another study investigated the effectiveness of a mixture of spices on oxidative stress markers as well as the antioxidant activity in high fructose-fed insulin-resistant rats. The mixture, which consisted of 1 g/100 g cinnamon bark, showed a significant antioxidant activity compared to the fructose alone group [63]. Volatile oils from C. zeylanicum showed significant biological activities [64].

Cinnamon consists of a variety of resinous compounds, including cinnamaldehyde, cinnamate, cinnamic acid, and numerous essential oils [50]. The presence of a wide range of essential oils, such as trans-cinnamaldehyde, cinnamyl acetate, eugenol, L-borneol, caryophyllene oxide, b-caryophyllene, L-bornyl acetate, E-nerolidol, α-cubebene, α-terpineol, terpinolene, and α-thujene, has been reported [35, 36].

A recent study reported that pectin film coated with cinnamon leaf extract yielded high antioxidant and antibacterial activities [71]. Dong et al. reported that cinnamaldehyde (E) extracted from C. cassia is the main compound and is present in levels as high as 72.7% compared to other volatile components [72]. Cinnamaldehyde (E) is well known for its antityrosinase activity [6, 73]. Currently, much attention is given to tyrosinase inhibitors due to their actions in suppressing hyperpigmentation as well as the unsightly browning effects observed in mushrooms, fruits, and vegetables when they are exposed to sunlight or air.

6. Marongiu B, Piras A, Porcedda S, et al. Supercritical CO2 extract of Cinnamomum zeylanicum: chemical characterization and antityrosinase activity. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2007;55(24):10022–10027. [PubMed]

8. Nonaka G-I, Morimoto S, Nishioka I. Tannins and related compounds. Part 13. Isolation and structures of trimeric, tetrameric, and pentameric proanthicyanidins from cinnamon. Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 1. 1983:2139–2145.

9. Anderson RA, Broadhurst CL, Polansky MM, et al. Isolation and characterization of polyphenol type-A polymers from cinnamon with insulin-like biological activity. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2004;52(1):65–70. [PubMed]

10. Peng X, Cheng K-W, Ma J, et al. Cinnamon bark proanthocyanidins as reactive carbonyl scavengers to prevent the formation of advanced glycation endproducts. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2008;56(6):1907–1911. [PubMed]

11. Tanaka T, Matsuo Y, Yamada Y, Kouno I. Structure of polymeric polyphenols of cinnamon bark deduced from condensation products of cinnamaldehyde with catechin and procyanidins. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2008;56(14):5864–5870. [PubMed]

12. Määttä-Riihinen KR, Kähkönen MP, Törrönen AR, Heinonen IM. Catechins and procyanidins in berries of vaccinium species and their antioxidant activity. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2005;53(22):8485–8491. [PubMed]

23. Shobana S, Akhilender Naidu K. Antioxidant activity of selected Indian spices. Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids. 2000;62(2):107–110. [PubMed]

35. Tung Y-T, Chua M-T, Wang S-Y, Chang S-T. Anti-inflammation activities of essential oil and its constituents from indigenous cinnamon (Cinnamomum osmophloeum) twigs. Bioresource Technology. 2008;99(9):3908–3913. [PubMed]

36. Tung Y-T, Yen P-L, Lin C-Y, Chang S-T. Anti-inflammatory activities of essential oils and their constituents from different provenances of indigenous cinnamon (Cinnamomum osmophloeum) leaves. Pharmaceutical Biology. 2010;48(10):1130–1136. [PubMed]

50. Senanayake UM, Lee TH, Wills RBH. Volatile constituents of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) oils. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 1978;26(4):822–824.

57. Okawa M, Kinjo J, Nohara T, Ono M. DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-Picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity of flavonoids obtained from some medicinal plants. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2001;24(10):1202–1205. [PubMed]

58. Lee H-S, Kim B-S, Kim M-K. Suppression effect of Cinnamomum cassia bark-derived component on nitric oxide synthase. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002;50(26):7700–7703. [PubMed]

59. Lin C-C, Wu S-J, Chang C-H, Ng L-T. Antioxidant activity of Cinnamomum cassia. Phytotherapy Research. 2003;17(7):726–730. [PubMed]

60. Murcia MA, Egea I, Romojaro F, Parras P, Jiménez AM, Martínez-Tomé M. Antioxidant evaluation in dessert spices compared with common food additives. Influence of irradiation procedure. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2004;52(7):1872–1881. [PubMed]

61. Chericoni S, Prieto JM, Iacopini P, Cioni P, Morelli I. In vitro activity of the essential oil of Cinnamomum zeylanicum and eugenol in peroxynitrite-induced oxidative processes. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2005;53(12):4762–4765. [PubMed]

62. Shan B, Cai YZ, Sun M, Corke H. Antioxidant capacity of 26 spice extracts and characterization of their phenolic constituents. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2005;53(20):7749–7759. [PubMed]

63. Suganthi R, Rajamani S, Ravichandran MK, Anuradha CV. Effect of food seasoning spices mixture on biomarkers of oxidative stress in tissues of fructose-fed insulin-resistant rats. Journal of Medicinal Food. 2007;10(1):149–153. [PubMed]

64. Jayaprakasha GK, Rao LJM. Chemistry, biogenesis, and biological activities of Cinnamomum zeylanicum. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 2011;51(6):547–562. [PubMed]

65. Geng S, Cui Z, Huang X, Chen Y, Xu D, Xiong P. Variations in essential oil yield and composition during Cinnamomum cassia bark growth. Industrial Crops and Products. 2011;33(1):248–252.

66. Aravind R, Aneesh T, Bindu A, Bindu K. Estimation of phenolics and evaluation of antioxidant activity of Cinnamomum malabatrum (Burm. F). Blume. Asian Journal of Research in Chemistry. 2012;5(5):628–632.

67. Yang C-H, Li R-X, Chuang L-Y. Antioxidant activity of various parts of Cinnamomum cassia extracted with different extraction methods. Molecules. 2012;17(6):7294–7304. [PubMed]

68. Kumar S, Vasudeva N, Sharma S. GC-MS analysis and screening of antidiabetic, antioxidant and hypolipidemic potential of Cinnamomum tamala oil in streptozotocin induced diabetes mellitus in rats. Cardiovascular Diabetology. 2012;11(1):1–11. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

69. Hsu F-L, Li W-H, Yu C-W, et al. In vivo antioxidant activities of essential oils and their constituents from leaves of the Taiwanese Cinnamomum osmophloeum. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2012;60(12):3092–3097. [PubMed]

70. Kordsardouei H, Barzegar M, Sahari MA. Application of Zataria multiflora Boiss. and Cinnamon zeylanicum essential oils as two natural preservatives in cake. Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine. 2013;3(3):238–247. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

71. Ayala-Zavala JF, Silva-Espinoza B, Cruz-Valenzuela M, et al. Pectin-cinnamon leaf oil coatings add antioxidant and antibacterial properties to fresh-cut peach. Flavour and Fragrance Journal. 2013;28(1):39–45.

72. Dong Y, Lu N, Cole RB. Analysis of the volatile organic compounds in Cinnamomum cassia bark by direct sample introduction thermal desorption gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal of Essential Oil Research. 2013;25(6):458–463.

73. Shi Y, Chen Q-X, Wang Q, Song K-K, Qiu L. Inhibitory effects of cinnamic acid and its derivatives on the diphenolase activity of mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) tyrosinase. Food Chemistry. 2005;92(4):707–712.

Anti-Inflammatory Study

Several studies on medicinal plants and their components have indicated the anti-inflammatory activities of cinnamon [76–81]. Various studies reported the viability of the anti-inflammatory activity of cinnamon and its essential oils [34–36]. To date, there are several flavonoid compounds (e.g., gossypin, gnaphalin, hesperidin, hibifolin, hypolaetin, oroxindin, and quercetin) that have been isolated and have anti-inflammatory activities [82–86].

A recent study reported that 2′-hydroxycinnamaldehyde isolated from C. cassia bark exhibited an inhibitory effect on the production of nitric oxide by inhibiting the activation of the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), indicating that this substance can potentially be used as an anti-inflammatory agent [87]. The … extract of C. cassia showed significant anti-inflammatory effects by reducing the activation of Src/spleen-tyrosine-kinase- (Src/Syk-) mediated NF-κB [88, 89]. Various compounds contained in Cinnamon showed anti-inflammatory effects by suppressing the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthesis (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and nitric oxide (NO) production in the central nervous system (CNS). By this mechanism, Cinnamon could be a potential source for the therapeutic treatment or prevention of inflammation-mediated neurodegenerative diseases [90]. Furthermore, the aqueous extract of cinnamon decreases the lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor-α levels in the serum [91].

34. Chao LK, Hua K-F, Hsu H-Y, Cheng S-S, Liu J-Y, Chang S-T. Study on the Antiinflammatory activity of essential oil from leaves of Cinnamomum osmophloeum. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2005;53(18):7274–7278. [PubMed]

76. Lin J, Opoku AR, Geheeb-Keller M, et al. Preliminary screening of some traditional zulu medicinal plants for anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial activities. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1999;68(1–3):267–274. [PubMed]

77. Mascolo N, Capasso F, Menghini A, Fasulo MP. Biological screening of Italian medicinal plants for anti-inflammatory activity. Phytotherapy Research. 1987;1(1):28–31.

78. Tunón H, Olavsdotter C, Bohlin L. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of some Swedish medicinal plants. Inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis and PAF-induced exocytosis. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1995;48(2):61–76. [PubMed]

79. Li RW, David Lin G, Myers SP, Leach DN. Anti-inflammatory activity of Chinese medicinal vine plants. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2003;85(1):61–67. [PubMed]

80. Sosa S, Balick MJ, Arvigo R, et al. Screening of the topical anti-inflammatory activity of some Central American plants. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2002;81(2):211–215. [PubMed]

81. Matu EN, van Staden J. Antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities of some plants used for medicinal purposes in Kenya. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2003;87(1):35–41. [PubMed]

82. García-Lafuente A, Guillamón E, Villares A, Rostagno MA, Martínez JA. Flavonoids as anti-inflammatory agents: implications in cancer and cardiovascular disease. Inflammation Research. 2009;58(9):537–552. [PubMed]

83. Kim HP, Son KH, Chang HW, Kang SS. Anti-inflammatory plant flavonoids and cellular action mechanisms. Journal of Pharmacological Sciences. 2004;96(3):229–245. [PubMed]

84. Guardia T, Rotelli AE, Juarez AO, Pelzer LE. Anti-inflammatory properties of plant flavonoids. Effects of rutin, quercetin and hesperidin on adjuvant arthritis in rat. Farmaco. 2001;56(9):683–687. [PubMed]

85. Stoner G, Wang L-S. Obesity, Inflammation and Cancer. Springer; 2013. Natural products as anti-inflammatory agents; pp. 341–361.

86. Cho N, Lee KY, Huh J, et al. Cognitive-enhancing effects of Rhus verniciflua bark extract and its active flavonoids with neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory activities. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2013;58:355–361. [PubMed]

87. Lee SH, Lee SY, Son DJ, et al. Inhibitory effect of 2′-hydroxycinnamaldehyde on nitric oxide production through inhibition of NF-κB activation in RAW 264.7 cells. Biochemical Pharmacology. 2005;69(5):791–799. [PubMed]

88. Yu T, Lee S, Yang WS, et al. The ability of an ethanol extract of Cinnamomum cassia to inhibit Src and spleen tyrosine kinase activity contributes to its anti-inflammatory action. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2012;139(2):566–573. [PubMed]

89. Youn HS, Lee JK, Choi YJ, et al. Cinnamaldehyde suppresses toll-like receptor 4 activation mediated through the inhibition of receptor oligomerization. Biochemical Pharmacology. 2008;75(2):494–502. [PubMed]

90. Hwang S-H, Choi YG, Jeong M-Y, Hong Y-M, Lee J-H, Lim S. Microarray analysis of gene expression profile by treatment of Cinnamomi ramulus in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated BV-2 cells. Gene. 2009;443(1-2):83–90. [PubMed]

91. Hong J-W, Yang G-E, Kim YB, Eom SH, Lew J-H, Kang H. Anti-inflammatory activity of cinnamon water extract in vivo and in vitro LPS-induced models. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2012;12(1, article 237) [PMC free article] [PubMed]

Neurological Disorder Studies

Cinnamophilin is a novel thromboxane A2 receptor antagonist isolated from Cinnamon (C. philippinensis) [92]. A study reported that cinnamophilin confers protection against ischemic damage in rat brains when administered at 80 mg/kg at different time intervals (2, 4, and 6 h) after insult. The effects were found to have a considerable effect (by 34–43%) on abridged brain infarction [93] and further enhance neurobehavioral outcomes. Cinnamophilin also dramatically condenses the oxygen glucose deprivation-induced neuronal damage in organotypic hippocampal slices in experimental rats. A substance called procyanidin type-A trimer (trimer 1) isolated from cinnamon’s water-soluble extract showed that trimer 1 may reduce cell swelling by controlling the movement of intracellular calcium [Ca2+]i [94]. Trimer 1 also considerably alleviates the oxygen glucose deprivation-induced diminishing effects on glutamate uptake. The protective effects of trimer 1 in attenuating the diminution in glutamate uptake are possibly arbitrated via their effects on the mitochondria [94].

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second major widespread neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer’s disease, with a prevalence of 2% in people 65 years and older [95]. PD protein 7 (PARK7) is an autosomal recessive form of early-onset parkinsonism caused by alterations in the DJ-1 gene [96]. Khasnavis and Pahan reported that sodium benzoate, a cinnamon metabolite, upregulates DJ-1 by modulating mevalonate metabolites [97, 98]. Cinnamon and its metabolite sodium benzoate also upregulate the neurotropic factors BDNF (brain-derived neurotropic factors) as well as neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) in the mouse central nervous system [99]. PARK7 is one of the main neuroprotective proteins that protects cells from damage and from the further detrimental effects of oxidative stress; therefore, this protein may be an effective molecule that can be incorporated into the therapeutic intervention of Parkinson’s disease [98].

A natural compound isolated from cinnamon extract precipitation (CEppt) significantly reduces the formation of toxic β-amyloid polypeptide (Aβ) oligomers and prevents its toxicity on neuronal pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells [100]. The study indicated that CEppt resolved the reduced permanence, fully improved deficiencies in locomotion, and totally eradicated the tetrameric species of Aβ in the brain of the fly model of Alzheimer’s disease, leading to a noticeable reduction in the 56 kDa Aβ oligomers, reducing plaques and improving the cognitive performance of transgenic mice models [100].

Another study reported that the aqueous extract of Cinnamon (C. zeylanicum) can reduce tau aggregation and filament formation, two of the main features of Alzheimer’s disease. The extract can also encourage the complete fragmentation of recombinant tau filaments and cause the considerable modification of the morphology of paired helical filaments from Alzheimer’s disease brain [101], indicating the potential of cinnamon in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.

92. Yu S-M, Ko F-N, Wu T-S, Lee J-Y, Teng C-M. Cinnamophilin, a novel thromboxane A2 receptor antagonist, isolated from Cinnamomum philippinense. European Journal of Pharmacology. 1994;256(1):85–91. [PubMed]

93. Lee E-J, Chen H-Y, Hung Y-C, et al. Therapeutic window for cinnamophilin following oxygen-glucose deprivation and transient focal cerebral ischemia. Experimental Neurology. 2009;217(1):74–83. [PubMed]

94. Panickar KS, Polansky MM, Graves DJ, Urban JF, Anderson RA. A procyanidin type A trimer from cinnamon extract attenuates glial cell swelling and the reduction in glutamate uptake following ischemia-like injury in vitro. Neuroscience. 2012;202:87–98. [PubMed]

95. de Rijk MC, Launer LJ, Berger K, et al. Prevalence of Parkinson’s disease in Europe: a collaborative study of population-based cohorts. Neurology. 2000;54(11, supplement 5):S21–S23. [PubMed]

96. Bonifati V, Oostra BA, Heutink P. Linking DJ-1 to neurodegeneration offers novel insights for understanding the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Molecular Medicine. 2004;82(3):163–174. [PubMed]

97. Brahmachari S, Jana A, Pahan K. Sodium benzoate, a metabolite of cinnamon and a food additive, reduces microglial and astroglial inflammatory responses. The Journal of Immunology. 2009;183(9):5917–5927. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

98. Khasnavis S, Pahan K. Sodium benzoate, a metabolite of cinnamon and a food additive, upregulates neuroprotective parkinson disease protein DJ-1 in astrocytes and neurons. Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology. 2012;7(2):424–435. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

99. Jana A, Modi KK, Roy A, Anderson JA, van Breemen RB, Pahan K. Up-regulation of neurotrophic factors by cinnamon and its metabolite sodium benzoate: therapeutic implications for neurodegenerative disorders. Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology. 2013;8(3):739–755. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

100. Frydman-Marom A, Levin A, Farfara D, et al. Orally administrated cinnamon extract reduces β-amyloid oligomerization and corrects cognitive impairment in Alzheimer’s disease animal models. PLoS ONE. 2011;6(1)e16564 [PMC free article] [PubMed]

101. Peterson DW, George RC, Scaramozzino F, et al. Cinnamon extract inhibits tau aggregation associated with alzheimer’s disease in vitro. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease. 2009;17(3):585–597. [PubMed]

Antidiabetic Study

A substance from cinnamon has been isolated and coined as “insulin-potentiating factor” (IPF) [102], while the antidiabetic effects of cinnamon bark have been shown in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats [33]. Several studies have also revealed that cinnamon extracts lower not only blood glucose but also cholesterol levels [103–107].

A study comparing the insulin-potentiating effects of many spices revealed that the aqueous extract of cinnamon was 20-fold higher than the other spices [108]. Methylhydroxychalcone polymer (MHCP) is the purified polymer of hydroxychalcone with the ability to stimulate glucose oxidation [30, 109]. Anderson et al. isolated and characterized the polyphenol type-A polymers from cinnamon and found that these substances act as insulin-like molecules [9]. Following this characterization, a new compound from hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives named naphthalenemethyl ester, which has blood glucose-lowering effects, has been identified [27], further confirming cinnamon’s antidiabetic effects.

Several polyphenols have been isolated from cinnamon. These polyphenols include rutin (90.0672%), catechin (1.9%), quercetin (0.172%), kaempferol (0.016%), and isorhamnetin (0.103%) [67, 110]. Cao et al. (2007) demonstrated that the aqueous extract of cinnamon containing polyphenols purified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) showed insulin-like activity [111]. The aqueous extract of cinnamon markedly decreased the absorption of alanine in the rat intestine. Alanine plays a vital role in gluconeogenesis, is altered back to pyruvate in the liver, and is utilized as a substrate for gluconeogenesis [112].

In a recent study [114], suitable doses of cinnamon (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg) of the linalool chemotype were found to help with glycemic control in diabetics due to enhanced insulin secretion.

27. Kim SH, Hyun SH, Choung SY. Anti-diabetic effect of cinnamon extract on blood glucose in db/db mice. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2006;104(1-2):119–123. [PubMed]

30. Jarvill-Taylor KJ, Anderson RA, Graves DJ. A hydroxychalcone derived from cinnamon functions as a mimetic for insulin in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2001;20(4):327–336. [PubMed]

33. Onderoglu S, Sozer S, Erbil KM, Ortac R, Lermioglu F. The evaluation of long-term effects of cinnamon bark and olive leaf on toxicity induced by streptozotocin administration to rats. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 1999;51(11):1305–1312. [PubMed]

67. Yang C-H, Li R-X, Chuang L-Y. Antioxidant activity of various parts of Cinnamomum cassia extracted with different extraction methods. Molecules. 2012;17(6):7294–7304. [PubMed]

102. Khan A, Bryden NA, Polansky MM, Anderson RA. Insulin potentiating factor and chromium content of selected foods and spices. Biological Trace Element Research. 1990;24(3):183–188. [PubMed]

103. Blevins SM, Leyva MJ, Brown J, Wright J, Scofield RH, Aston CE. Effect of cinnamon on glucose and lipid levels in non-insulin-dependent type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(9):2236–2237. [PubMed]

104. Khan A, Safdar M, Khan MMA, Khattak KN, Anderson RA. Cinnamon improves glucose and lipids of people with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2003;26(12):3215–3218. [PubMed]

105. Mang B, Wolters M, Schmitt B, et al. Effects of a cinnamon extract on plasma glucose, HbA1c, and serum lipids in diabetes mellitus type 2. European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2006;36(5):340–344. [PubMed]

106. Crawford P. Effectiveness of cinnamon for lowering hemoglobin A1C in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, controlled trial. The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine. 2009;22(5):507–512. [PubMed]

107. Safdar M, Khan A, Khattak MMAK, Siddique M. Effect of various doses of cinnamon on blood glucose in diabetic individuals. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition. 2004;3(5):268–272.

108. Broadhurst CL, Polansky MM, Anderson RA. Insulin-like biological activity of culinary and medicinal plant aqueous extracts in vitro. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2000;48(3):849–852. [PubMed]

109. Anderson RA, Broadhurst CL, Polansky MM. Isolation and characterization of chalcone polymers from cinnamon with insulin like biological activities. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2006;84(3):1432–1436.

110. Li H-B, Wong C-C, Cheng K-W, Chen F. Antioxidant properties in vitro and total phenolic contents in methanol extracts from medicinal plants. LWT-Food Science and Technology. 2008;41(3):385–390.

111. Cao H, Polansky MM, Anderson RA. Cinnamon extract and polyphenols affect the expression of tristetraprolin, insulin receptor, and glucose transporter 4 in mouse 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 2007;459(2):214–222. [PubMed]

112. Kreydiyyeh SI, Usta J, Copti R. Effect of cinnamon, clove and some of their constituents on the Na+ -K+ -ATPase activity and alanine absorption in the rat jejunum. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2000;38(9):755–762. [PubMed]

113. Vanschoonbeek K, Thomassen BJW, Senden JM, Wodzig WKWH, van Loon LJC. Cinnamon supplementation does not improve glycemic control in postmenopausal type 2 diabetes patients. The Journal of Nutrition. 2006;136(4):977–980. [PubMed]

114. Lee S-C, Xu W-X, Lin L-Y, Yang JJ, Liu C-T. Chemical composition and hypoglycemic and pancreas-protective effect of leaf essential oil from indigenous cinnamon (Cinnamomum osmophloeum Kanehira) Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2013;61(20):4905–4913. [PubMed]

Anti-microbial Activity Study

To date, several antimicrobial activities of cinnamon and its oils have been reported in various studies [20, 28, 115]. For example, Matan et al. reported the effects of cinnamon oils on different bacterial (Pediococcus halophilus and Staphylococcus aureus), fungal (Aspergillus flavus, Mucor plumbeus, Penicillium roqueforti, and Eurotium sp.), and yeast species (Candida lipolytica, Pichia membranaefaciens, Debaryomyces hansenii, and Zygosaccharomyces rouxii) [19], indicating that cinnamon is a natural antimicrobial agent.

A study from Hili et al. indicated that cinnamon oils have potential action against various bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli) and yeast (Torulopsis utilis, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Candida albicans, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae) [18]. A recent study reported the activity of the aqueous extract of cinnamon … against oral microflora. Overall, the essential oil from cinnamon is more potent than other tested plant extracts, such as Azadirachta indica and Syzygium aromaticum [117].

18. Hili P, Evans CS, Veness RG. Antimicrobial action of essential oils: the effect of dimethylsulphoxide on the activity of cinnamon oil. Letters in Applied Microbiology. 1997;24(4):269–275. [PubMed]

19. Matan N, Rimkeeree H, Mawson AJ, Chompreeda P, Haruthaithanasan V, Parker M. Antimicrobial activity of cinnamon and clove oils under modified atmosphere conditions. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 2006;107(2):180–185. [PubMed]

20. Gende LB, Floris I, Fritz R, Eguaras MJ. Antimicrobial activity of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) essential oil and its main components against paenibacillus larvae from argentine. Bulletin of Insectology. 2008;61(1):1–4.

28. Prabuseenivasan S, Jayakumar M, Ignacimuthu S. In vitro antibacterial activity of some plant essential oils. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2006;6, article 39 [PMC free article] [PubMed]

115. Becerril R, Gómez-Lus R, Goñi P, López P, Nerín C. Combination of analytical and microbiological techniques to study the antimicrobial activity of a new active food packaging containing cinnamon or oregano against E. coli and S. aureus. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 2007;388(5-6):1003–1011. [PubMed]

117. Parthasarathy H, Thombare S. Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of Azadirachta indica, Syzygium aromaticum and Cinnamomum zeyalnicumagainst oral microflora. Asian Journal of Experimental Sciences. 2013;27(2):13–16.

Anti-Cancer Study

According to studies, the aqueous extract and the fraction of cinnamon (procyanidins) from HPLC inhibit vascular endothelial growth factor subtype 2 (VEGFR2) kinase activity, thereby inhibiting the angiogenesis involved in cancer. The results of the study revealed that cinnamon could potentially be used in cancer prevention [44]. Cinnamaldehydes have been synthesized and tested as inhibitors against angiogenesis [118]. Jeong et al. reported that CB403, a chemical that can be synthesized from 2′-hydroxycinnamaldehyde derived from cinnamaldehyde, can inhibit tumor growth. Overall, the antitumor and growth-inhibitory properties of CB403 in animal-based studies as well as in cell culture-based studies indicate the potential of cinnamon to be used as an anticancer agent [119].

Cabello et al. reported that cinnamic aldehyde inhibits the activity of NF-κB and the production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα-) induced interleukin-8 (IL-8) in A375 cells [120]. This inhibition provides additional support to the existing unrecognized role of cinnamic acid as a potential anticancer agent [120]. Fang and others reported the anticancer effect of trans-cinnamaldehyde from C. osmophloeum, finding that trans-cinnamaldehyde showed potential effects in restraining tumor cell growth and in enhancing tumor cell apoptosis [121].

The essential oils extracted from C. cassia inhibit alpha melanocyte-stimulating hormone’s induced melanin production, thereby suppressing oxidative stress in murine B16 melanoma cells [7].

44. Lu J, Zhang K, Nam S, Anderson RA, Jove R, Wen W. Novel angiogenesis inhibitory activity in cinnamon extract blocks VEGFR2 kinase and downstream signaling. Carcinogenesis. 2010;31(3):481–488. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

118. Kwon B-M, Lee S-H, Cho Y-K, et al. Synthesis and biological activity of cinnamaldehydes as angiogenesis inhibitors. Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 1997;7(19):2473–2476.

119. Jeong H-W, Han DC, Son K-H, et al. Antitumor effect of the cinnamaldehyde derivative CB403 through the arrest of cell cycle progression in the G2/M phase. Biochemical Pharmacology. 2003;65(8):1343–1350. [PubMed]

120. Cabello CM, Bair WB, III, Lamore SD, et al. The cinnamon-derived Michael acceptor cinnamic aldehyde impairs melanoma cell proliferation, invasiveness, and tumor growth. Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 2009;46(2):220–231. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

121. Fang S-H, Rao YK, Tzeng Y-M. Cytotoxic effect of trans-cinnamaldehyde from cinnamomum osmophloeum leaves on Human cancer cell lines. International Journal of Applied Science and Engineering. 2004;2(2):136–147.

7. Chou S-T, Chang W-L, Chang C-T, Hsu S-L, Lin Y-C, Shih Y. Cinnamomum cassia Essential Oil inhibits α-MSH-induced melanin production and oxidative stress in murine B16 melanoma cells. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2013;14(9):19186–19201. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

Cardiovascular Disease Study

One of the active components isolated from C. cassia named 2-methoxycinnamaldehyde (2-MCA) decreases the expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) in TNFα-activated endothelial cells, suggesting that ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is ameliorated due to the induction of hemeoxygenase- (HO-) 1 [123]. A recent study reported the potential effects of two compounds, cinnamic aldehyde and cinnamic acid, isolated from C. cassia against myocardial ischemia [124], indicating that cinnamon also has the potential to be used to treat cardiovascular diseases.

Several studies have reported the protective effects of cinnamaldehyde on the cardiovascular system. Cinnamophilin is one of the important lignans isolated from C. philippinensis and has been confirmed to have thromboxane A2 (TXA2) receptor blocking activity in rats as well as in guinea pigs [125]. Cinnamophilin acts as a potential thromboxane synthase inhibitor and TXA2 receptor antagonist and may be helpful when incorporated in the treatment of diseases involving TXA2 disorders [125], such as platelet aggregation [126] and cancers [127]. Cinnamophilin mainly inhibits thromboxane receptor-mediated vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and may have the potential for use in the prevention of vascular diseases and atherosclerosis [128].

Cinnamaldehyde produces hypotensive effects, which are possibly mainly due to peripheral vasodilatation in anesthetized dogs and guinea pigs [129]. The vasodilatation induced by cinnamaldehyde in dogs lasted and remained over the recovery period of the fall in blood pressure to the baseline [130]. A recent study showed that cinnamaldehyde expands rat vascular smooth muscle in an endothelium-independent manner. The ability of cinnamaldehyde in vasodilatory function may be because it impedes both Ca2+ influx and Ca2+ release [131]. Cinnamaldehyde averts the progress of hypertension in types 1 and 2 diabetes by abridging vascular contractility, in addition to its insulinotropic effect in insulin deficiency [132].

123. Hwa JS, Jin YC, Lee YS, et al. 2-Methoxycinnamaldehyde from Cinnamomum cassia reduces rat myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury in vivo due to HO-1 induction. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2012;139(2):605–615. [PubMed]

124. Song F, Li H, Sun J, Wang S. Protective effects of cinnamic acid and cinnamic aldehyde on isoproterenol-induced acute myocardial ischemia in rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2013;150(1):125–130. [PubMed]

125. Yu S-M, Wu T-S, Teng C-M. Pharmacological characterization of cinnamophilin, a novel dual inhibitor of thromboxane synthase and thromboxane A2 receptor. British Journal of Pharmacology. 1994;111(3):906–912. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

126. Jurasz P, Alonso-Escolano D, Radomski MW. Platelet-cancer interactions: mechanisms and pharmacology of tumour cell-induced platelet aggregation. British Journal of Pharmacology. 2004;143(7):819–826. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

127. Nie D, Che M, Zacharek A, et al. Differential expression of thromboxane synthase in prostate carcinoma: role in tumor cell motility. The American Journal of Pathology. 2004;164(2):429–439. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

128. Ko F-N, Yu S-M, Kang Y-F, Teng C-M. Characterization of the thromboxane (TP-) receptor subtype involved in proliferation in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells of rat. British Journal of Pharmacology. 1995;116:1801–1808. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

129. Harada M, Yano S. Pharmacological studies on Chinese cinnamon. II. Effects of cinnamaldehyde on the cardiovascular and digestive systems. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1975;23(5):941–947. [PubMed]

130. Harada M, Hirayama Y, Yamazaki R. Pharmacological studies on Chinese cinnamon. V. Catecholamine releasing effect of cinnamaldehyde in dogs. Journal of Pharmacobio-Dynamics. 1982;5(8):539–546. [PubMed]

131. Xue Y-L, Shi H-X, Murad F, Bian K. Vasodilatory effects of cinnamaldehyde and its mechanism of action in the rat aorta. Vascular health and risk management. 2011;7:273–280. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

132. El-Bassossy HM, Fahmy A, Badawy D. Cinnamaldehyde protects from the hypertension associated with diabetes. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2011;49(11):3007–3012. [PubMed]

Cholesterol Lowering Studies

The administration of cinnamon to mice positively affected the lipid profile, whereby the high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels decreased, and plasma triglycerides were reduced [27]. Another study by [133] found a reduction in the total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoproteins in rats administered Cinnamomum cassia powder (15%) for 35 days. Additionally, cinnamon oils reduced the cholesterol levels in broiler chickens [134]. A study by Khan et al. reported that the administration of cinnamon at 1, 3, and 6 g doses per day caused a reduction in serum glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol levels in humans [104].
[27. Kim SH, Hyun SH, Choung SY. Anti-diabetic effect of cinnamon extract on blood glucose in db/db mice. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2006;104(1-2):119–123. [PubMed]

133. Rahman S, Begum H, Rahman Z, Ara F, Iqbal MJ, Yousuf AKM. Effect of cinnamon (Cinnamomum cassia) as a lipid lowering agent on hypercholesterolemic rats. Journal of Enam Medical College. 2013;3(2):94–98.]

134. Ciftci M, Simsek UG, Yuce A, Yilmaz O, Dalkilic B. Effects of dietary antibiotic and cinnamon oil supplementation on antioxidant enzyme activities, cholesterol levels and fatty acid compositions of serum and meat in broiler chickens. Acta Veterinaria Brno. 2010;79(1):33–40.

104. Khan A, Safdar M, Khan MMA, Khattak KN, Anderson RA. Cinnamon improves glucose and lipids of people with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2003;26(12):3215–3218. [PubMed]

Advanced Glycation End Study

Different types of phenolic and flavonoid compounds have been isolated from cinnamon. Epicatechin, catechin, and procyanidin B2, which are the phenolic compounds isolated from cinnamon, showed noteworthy and potentially inhibitory activities on the formation of AGEs. These antiglycation activities of the phenolic compounds not only are attributed to their antioxidant activities but also are associated with the entrapping capabilities of reactive carbonyl species, such as methylglyoxal (MGO), an intermediate reactive carbonyl of AGE formation [10, 135]. The inhibition of AGE formation by trapping the reactive carbonyl species could be a logical therapeutic approach to treat diabetes and its complications [10].

[10. Peng X, Cheng K-W, Ma J, et al. Cinnamon bark proanthocyanidins as reactive carbonyl scavengers to prevent the formation of advanced glycation endproducts. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2008;56(6):1907–1911. [PubMed]

References

1. Sangal A. Role of cinnamon as beneficial antidiabetic food adjunct: a review. Advances in Applied Science Research. 2011;2(4):440–450.

2. Vangalapati M, Sree Satya N, Surya Prakash D, Avanigadda S. A review on pharmacological activities and clinical effects of cinnamon species. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences. 2012;3(1):653–663.

3. Huang T-C, Fu H-Y, Ho C-T, Tan D, Huang Y-T, Pan M-H. Induction of apoptosis by cinnamaldehyde from indigenous cinnamon Cinnamomum osmophloeum Kaneh through reactive oxygen species production, glutathione depletion, and caspase activation in human leukemia K562 cells. Food Chemistry. 2007;103(2):434–443.

4. Yeh H-F, Luo C-Y, Lin C-Y, Cheng S-S, Hsu Y-R, Chang S-T. Methods for thermal stability enhancement of leaf essential oils and their main Constituents from Indigenous Cinnamon (Cinnamomum osmophloeum) Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2013;61(26):6293–6298. [PubMed]

5. Chang C-W, Chang W-L, Chang S-T, Cheng S-S. Antibacterial activities of plant essential oils against Legionella pneumophila. Water Research. 2008;42(1-2):278–286. [PubMed]

13. Jakhetia V, Patel R, Khatri P, et al. Cinnamon: a pharmacological review. Journal of Advanced Scientific Research. 2010;1(2):19–12.

14. Wondrak GT, Villeneuve NF, Lamore SD, Bause AS, Jiang T, Zhang DD. The cinnamon-derived dietary factor cinnamic aldehyde activates the Nrf2-dependent antioxidant response in human epithelial colon cells. Molecules. 2010;15(5):3338–3355. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

15. Hossein N, Zahra Z, Abolfazl M, Mahdi S, Ali K. Effect of Cinnamon zeylanicum essence and distillate on the clotting time. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 2013;7(19):1339–1343.

16. Minich St, Msom L. Chinese Herbal Medicine in Women’s Health. Women’s Health; 2008.
17. Chang S-T, Chen P-F, Chang S-C. Antibacterial activity of leaf essential oils and their constituents from Cinnamomum osmophloeum. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2001;77(1):123–127. [PubMed]

21. Wang S-Y, Chen P-F, Chang S-T. Antifungal activities of essential oils and their constituents from indigenous cinnamon (Cinnamomum osmophloeum) leaves against wood decay fungi. Bioresource Technology. 2005;96(7):813–818. [PubMed]

22. Mancini-Filho J, van-Koiij A, Mancini DAP, Cozzolino FF, Torres RP. Antioxidant activity of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum, breyne) extracts. Bollettino Chimico Farmaceutico. 1998;137(11):443–447. [PubMed]

23. Shobana S, Akhilender Naidu K. Antioxidant activity of selected Indian spices. Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids. 2000;62(2):107–110. [PubMed]

24. Mathew S, Abraham TE. Studies on the antioxidant activities of cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) bark extracts, through various in vitro models. Food Chemistry. 2006;94(4):520–528.

25. Mathew S, Abraham TE. In vitro antioxidant activity and scavenging effects of Cinnamomum verum leaf extract assayed by different methodologies. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2006;44(2):198–206. [PubMed]

26. Kim N, Sung H, Kim W. Effect of solvents and some extraction conditions on antioxidant activity in cinnamon extracts. Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology. 1993;25(3):204–209.

27. Kim SH, Hyun SH, Choung SY. Anti-diabetic effect of cinnamon extract on blood glucose in db/db mice. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2006;104(1-2):119–123. [PubMed]

29. Jia Q, Liu X, Wu X, et al. Hypoglycemic activity of a polyphenolic oligomer-rich extract of Cinnamomum parthenoxylon bark in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Phytomedicine. 2009;16(8):744–750. [PubMed]

31. Lu Z, Jia Q, Wang R, et al. Hypoglycemic activities of A- and B-type procyanidin oligomer-rich extracts from different Cinnamon barks. Phytomedicine. 2011;18(4):298–302. [PubMed]

32. Subash Babu P, Prabuseenivasan S, Ignacimuthu S. Cinnamaldehyde—a potential antidiabetic agent. Phytomedicine. 2007;14(1):15–22. [PubMed]

37. Park I-K, Park J-Y, Kim K-H, et al. Nematicidal activity of plant essential oils and components from garlic (Allium sativum) and cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) oils against the pine wood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) Nematology. 2005;7(5):767–774.

38. Kong J-O, Lee S-M, Moon Y-S, Lee S-G, Ahn Y-J. Nematicidal activity of cassia and cinnamon oil compounds and related compounds toward Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Nematoda: Parasitaphelenchidae) Journal of Nematology. 2007;39(1):31–36. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

39. Cheng S-S, Liu J-Y, Tsai K-H, Chen W-J, Chang S-T. Chemical composition and mosquito larvicidal activity of essential oils from leaves of different Cinnamomum osmophloeum provenances. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2004;52(14):4395–4400. [PubMed]

40. Cheng S-S, Liu J-Y, Huang C-G, Hsui Y-R, Chen W-J, Chang S-T. Insecticidal activities of leaf essential oils from Cinnamomum osmophloeum against three mosquito species. Bioresource Technology. 2009;100(1):457–464. [PubMed]

41. Dhulasavant V, Shinde S, Pawar M, Naikwade NS. Antihyperlipidemic activity of Cinnamomum tamala Nees. on high cholesterol diet induced Hyperlipidemia. International Journal of PharmTech Research. 2010;2(4):2517–2521.

42. Amin KA, El-Twab TMA. Oxidative markers, nitric oxide and homocysteine alteration in hypercholesterolimic rats: role of atorvastatine and cinnamon. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine. 2009;2(3):254–265. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

43. Bandara T, Uluwaduge I, Jansz ER. Bioactivity of cinnamon with special emphasis on diabetes mellitus: a review. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. 2012;63(3):380–386. [PubMed]

45. Kwon H-K, Jeon WK, Hwang J-S, et al. Cinnamon extract suppresses tumor progression by modulating angiogenesis and the effector function of CD8+ T cells. Cancer Letters. 2009;278(2):174–182. [PubMed]

46. Kwon H-K, Hwang J-S, So J-S, et al. Cinnamon extract induces tumor cell death through inhibition of NFκB and AP1. BMC Cancer. 2010;10(1, article 392) [PMC free article] [PubMed]

47. Koppikar SJ, Choudhari AS, Suryavanshi SA, Kumari S, Chattopadhyay S, Kaul-Ghanekar R. Aqueous Cinnamon Extract (ACE-c) from the bark of Cinnamomum cassia causes apoptosis in human cervical cancer cell line (SiHa) through loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. BMC Cancer. 2010;10(1, article 210) [PMC free article] [PubMed]

48. Aneja K, Joshi R, Sharma C. Antimicrobial activity of dalchini (Cinnamomum zeylanicum bark) extracts on some dental caries pathogens. Journal of Pharmacy Research. 2009;2(9):1387–1390.

49. Gupta C, Kumari A, Garg AP, Catanzaro R, Marotta F. Comparative study of cinnamon oil and clove oil on some oral microbiota. Acta Bio-Medica: Atenei Parmensis. 2011;82(3, article 197) [PubMed]

50. Senanayake UM, Lee TH, Wills RBH. Volatile constituents of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) oils. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 1978;26(4):822–824.

51. Singh G, Maurya S, deLampasona MP, Catalan CAN. A comparison of chemical, antioxidant and antimicrobial studies of cinnamon leaf and bark volatile oils, oleoresins and their constituents. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2007;45(9):1650–1661. [PubMed]

52. Suhaj M. Spice antioxidants isolation and their antiradical activity: a review. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 2006;19(6-7):531–537.

53. Halliwell B. Free radicals and antioxidants—quo vadis? Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. 2011;32(3):125–130. [PubMed]

54. Halliwell B. Reactive species and antioxidants. Redox biology is a fundamental theme of aerobic life. Plant Physiology. 2006;141(2):312–322. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

55. Dhuley JN. Anti-oxidant effects of cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) bark and greater cardamon (Amomum subulatum) seeds in rats fed high fat diet. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 1999;37(3):238–242. [PubMed]

56. Kim SJ, Han D, Moon KD, Rhee JS. Measurement of superoxide dismutase-like activity of natural antioxidants. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 1995;59(5):822–826. [PubMed]

58. Lee H-S, Kim B-S, Kim M-K. Suppression effect of Cinnamomum cassia bark-derived component on nitric oxide synthase. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002;50(26):7700–7703. [PubMed]

59. Lin C-C, Wu S-J, Chang C-H, Ng L-T. Antioxidant activity of Cinnamomum cassia. Phytotherapy Research. 2003;17(7):726–730. [PubMed]

64. Jayaprakasha GK, Rao LJM. Chemistry, biogenesis, and biological activities of Cinnamomum zeylanicum. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 2011;51(6):547–562. [PubMed]

65. Geng S, Cui Z, Huang X, Chen Y, Xu D, Xiong P. Variations in essential oil yield and composition during Cinnamomum cassia bark growth. Industrial Crops and Products. 2011;33(1):248–252.

67. Yang C-H, Li R-X, Chuang L-Y. Antioxidant activity of various parts of Cinnamomum cassia extracted with different extraction methods. Molecules. 2012;17(6):7294–7304. [PubMed]

74. Georgiev L, Chochkova M, Totseva I, et al. Anti-tyrosinase, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of hydroxycinnamoylamides. Medicinal Chemistry Research. 2013;22(9):4173–4182.

75. Parvez S, Kang M, Chung H-S, Bae H. Naturally occurring tyrosinase inhibitors: mechanism and applications in skin health, cosmetics and agriculture industries. Phytotherapy Research. 2007;21(9):805–816. [PubMed]